Guide to Reliable Editions
Two honest facts shape this guide. First, the texts on this site are mostly public-domain editions and translations, which means mostly 19th- and early-20th-century work: readable and complete in most cases, but dated, and in places a selection rather than the whole author. Second, the standard critical editions named below are usually still in copyright and are not reproduced here — this guide tells you which book to consult, and the work pages tell you what this site actually prints, so the difference is never hidden.
The series, in short
- GCS: Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller — the Berlin critical editions of Greek Christian writers (Origen, Eusebius, Clement of Alexandria, the church historians).
- Sources Chrétiennes (SC): Critical Greek or Latin text with a French translation and notes; the standard modern edition for many individual Fathers.
- CSEL: Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum — the Vienna critical editions of Latin Christian writers (Augustine, Tertullian, Jerome, Ambrose).
- CCSL: Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina — the continuation of the Latin patristic editions (Turnhout).
- Oxford Classical Texts (OCT): The standard compact critical texts of Greek and Latin classics, cited by editor and often by page or line.
- Teubner (Bibliotheca Teubneriana): The Leipzig/Stuttgart critical texts; for several authors the Teubner, not the OCT, is the standard edition.
- Loeb Classical Library: Greek or Latin text with an English translation on facing pages; the working scholarly translation for most classical authors, though individual volumes vary in age.
- Migne, Patrologia Graeca (PG) / Latina (PL): The 19th-century collected editions — complete and convenient, but uncritical: older texts, sometimes from inferior manuscripts. Cited here only where no modern critical edition covers the author.
- Ante-/Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (ANF/NPNF): The 19th-century English translations this site largely prints for the Fathers: public domain, readable, but dated, and in places a selection rather than the whole author.
Partial or older translations — read honestly
The clearest cases: Philo in Yonge (1854-55) and Josephus in Whiston (1737) are the only complete public-domain English versions, and both read their age; the Loeb editions are the modern replacements. The Fathers in ANF/NPNF are 19th-century translations, and for Ephrem, Aphrahat, and Cyril the site prints selections or surviving fragments, as the work pages state. The Greek and Latin classics come from the Perseus Digital Library, whose English translations are likewise mostly 19th-century; the original-language texts are the critical texts of Perseus's day, not the newest OCT or Teubner revisions. Where a work survives only in quotations by another author — Hegesippus, Aristobulus, Celsus, and the other fragmentary writers — the work page says so, and no complete text is pretended.
Greek authors
- Aeschylus (7 works) — standard edition: OCT (Page); Loeb
- Apollonius of Rhodes (1 work) — standard edition: OCT (Seaton); Loeb
- Aristophanes (11 works) — standard edition: OCT (Hall and Geldart); Loeb
- Aristotle (4 works) — standard edition: OCT (Ross and others); Loeb
- Demosthenes (8 works) — standard edition: OCT (Dilts); Loeb
- Diodorus Siculus (1 work) — standard edition: Teubner (Vogel and Fischer); Loeb
- Epictetus (3 works) — standard edition: Teubner (Schenkl); Loeb
- Euripides (19 works) — standard edition: OCT (Diggle); Loeb
- Herodotus (2 works) — standard edition: OCT (Hude); Loeb
- Hesiod (2 works) — standard edition: OCT (Solmsen); Loeb
- Homer (2 works) — standard edition: OCT (Monro-Allen, Iliad; Allen, Odyssey); Loeb
- Iamblichus (2 works) — standard edition: Teubner/Budé per work; no single collected edition
- Isocrates (2 works) — standard edition: OCT/Teubner tradition; Loeb
- Lysias (8 works) — standard edition: OCT (Carey); Loeb
- Marcus Aurelius (1 work) — standard edition: Teubner (Dalfen); Loeb
- Numenius of Apamea (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Plato (36 works) — standard edition: OCT (Burnet); Loeb
- Plotinus (3 works) — standard edition: Henry-Schwyzer (OCT, editio maior/minor); Loeb (Armstrong)
- Plutarch (14 works) — standard edition: Teubner (Ziegler) for Lives and Moralia; Loeb
- Polybius (1 work) — standard edition: Teubner (Büttner-Wobst); Loeb
- Porphyry (7 works) — standard edition: No single collected edition; Teubner/Budé per work
- Sophocles (7 works) — standard edition: OCT (Lloyd-Jones and Wilson); Loeb
- Theocritus (1 work) — standard edition: OCT (Gow); Loeb
- Thucydides (1 work) — standard edition: OCT (Jones, rev. Powell); Loeb
- Xenophon (6 works) — standard edition: OCT (Marchant and others); Loeb
Latin authors
- Apuleius (1 work) — standard edition: Teubner (Helm); Loeb
- Catullus (1 work) — standard edition: OCT (Mynors); Loeb
- Cicero (7 works) — standard edition: OCT (various editors); Loeb
- Horace (4 works) — standard edition: OCT (Shackleton Bailey); Loeb
- Julius Caesar (2 works) — standard edition: OCT (Du Pontet); Loeb
- Juvenal (1 work) — standard edition: OCT (Clausen); Loeb
- Livy (1 work) — standard edition: OCT (Ogilvie and others); Loeb
- Lucretius (1 work) — standard edition: OCT (Bailey); Loeb
- Martial (1 work) — standard edition: Teubner (Lindsay); Loeb
- Ovid (2 works) — standard edition: OCT (Tarrant and others); Loeb
- Pliny the Younger (1 work) — standard edition: Teubner (Mynors); Loeb
- Sallust (2 works) — standard edition: OCT (Reynolds); Loeb
- Seneca (6 works) — standard edition: OCT (Reynolds; Zwierlein for the tragedies); Loeb
- Suetonius (12 works) — standard edition: Teubner (Ihm); Loeb
- Tacitus (4 works) — standard edition: OCT (Fisher/Heubner); Loeb
- Virgil (3 works) — standard edition: OCT (Mynors); Loeb
Jewish writers
- Anonymous (24 works) — standard edition: Charles, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (1913) for English; Rahlfs-Hanhart for Septuagint Greek
- Apelles (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Aristobulus of Alexandria (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Basilides (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Celsus (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Hegesippus (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Josephus (31 works) — standard edition: Niese (Berlin, 1885-1895) for the Greek; Loeb (Thackeray and others) for English
- Marcion of Sinope (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Pantaenus (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Philo of Alexandria (36 works) — standard edition: Cohn-Wendland (Berlin, 1896-1930) for the Greek; Loeb (Colson-Whitaker) for English
- Valentinus (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
Church authors
- Ambrose of Milan (6 works) — standard edition: CSEL; PL 14-17 (older)
- Anonymous (Coptic Gnostic) (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Aphrahat (1 work) — standard edition: CSCO for the Syriac; NPNF2-13 for the public-domain English selection
- Athanasius (4 works) — standard edition: PG 25-28 (older); SC for individual works
- Athenagoras (2 works) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Augustine of Hippo (5 works) — standard edition: CSEL and CCSL (ongoing); PL 32-47 (older complete text)
- Barnabas (1 work) — standard edition: Loeb, The Apostolic Fathers (Ehrman, 2003); Sources Chrétiennes for individual works
- Basil of Caesarea (4 works) — standard edition: PG 29-32 (older); SC for individual works
- Boethius (1 work) — standard edition: CCSL 94 for the Consolation of Philosophy; Loeb
- Clement of Alexandria (3 works) — standard edition: GCS (Stählin); SC for individual works
- Clement of Rome (1 work) — standard edition: Loeb, The Apostolic Fathers (Ehrman, 2003); Sources Chrétiennes for individual works
- Clement of Rome (attributed) (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Council of Constance (2 works) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Council of Trent (25 works) — standard edition: Schroeder, Canons and Decrees (1941); Waterworth (1848) for public-domain English
- Cyril of Alexandria (5 works) — standard edition: PG 68-77 (older); SC for individual works
- Ephrem the Syrian (5 works) — standard edition: CSCO for the Syriac; NPNF2-13 for the public-domain English selection
- Eusebius of Caesarea (4 works) — standard edition: GCS (Schwartz and others) for Church History and Preparation; SC for individual works
- First Vatican Council (2 works) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Fourth Lateran Council (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Gregory of Nazianzus (3 works) — standard edition: PG 35-38 (older); SC for the orations
- Gregory of Nyssa (9 works) — standard edition: Gregorii Nysseni Opera (GNO, Leiden); SC for individual works
- Hermas (1 work) — standard edition: Loeb, The Apostolic Fathers (Ehrman, 2003); Sources Chrétiennes for individual works
- Ignatius of Antioch (7 works) — standard edition: Loeb, The Apostolic Fathers (Ehrman, 2003); Sources Chrétiennes for individual works
- Jerome (2 works) — standard edition: CCSL/CSEL for individual works; PL 22-30 (older)
- John Chrysostom (3 works) — standard edition: PG 47-64 (older, very large); SC for individual works
- Julius Africanus (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Justin Martyr (3 works) — standard edition: Migne, PG 6 (older, uncritical complete text); modern critical editions per work
- Mathetes (1 work) — standard edition: Loeb, The Apostolic Fathers (Ehrman, 2003); Sources Chrétiennes for individual works
- Minucius Felix (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Origen (6 works) — standard edition: GCS (Koetschau and others); SC for many works
- Palladius (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Papias of Hierapolis (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Polycarp (2 works) — standard edition: Loeb, The Apostolic Fathers (Ehrman, 2003); Sources Chrétiennes for individual works
- Quadratus (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Second Vatican Council (17 works) — standard edition: Vatican official texts; Flannery (ed.) for English
- Socrates Scholasticus (1 work) — standard edition: GCS (Hansen)
- Sozomen (1 work) — standard edition: GCS (Bidez-Hansen)
- Tatian (2 works) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Tertullian (4 works) — standard edition: CCSL 1-2; SC for individual works
- The Ecumenical Councils (7 works) — standard edition: Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (1990); NPNF2-14 for public-domain English
- Theodoret of Cyrus (1 work) — standard edition: GCS (Parmentier)
- Theophilus of Antioch (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
- Unknown (1 work) — standard edition: No single standard edition is named for this author here — the work pages name the source used for each work.
English and later authors
- Ben Jonson (2 works) — standard edition: Cambridge Edition of the Works of Ben Jonson (2012); this site prints Project Gutenberg texts
- Edmund Spenser (1 work) — standard edition: Oxford Spenser; this site prints Project Gutenberg texts
- Geoffrey Chaucer (1 work) — standard edition: Riverside Chaucer (Benson); this site prints Project Gutenberg texts
- John Donne (1 work) — standard edition: Oxford Donne (in progress); this site prints Project Gutenberg texts
- John Milton (3 works) — standard edition: Oxford Complete Works (in progress); this site prints Project Gutenberg texts
- William Shakespeare (44 works) — standard edition: Oxford Complete Works; Arden; Folger
See also: Open-access bibliography · Digital manuscript collections · Source bibliography (every source label cited on work pages).