English translations are given under each Vulgate verse (Douay-Rheims) and each Septuagint verse (Brenton), to make the Latin and Greek easier to read.

Genesis 10 in four versions — Vulgate, Hebrew (MT), Septuagint, and Yemenite Targum Onkelos — with notes on where they agree and where they part. Sources: Vulgate = the Clementine text; MT = Sefaria Miqra (vocalized, with cantillation); LXX = the Septuagint Greek text, given here under MT numbering; Targum = Onkelos, Yemenite Taj tradition only. TO in the notes = this Yemenite Onkelos. Divine names appear only as ייי and א-להים throughout.

Versification: MT, LXX, Targum, and Vulgate each have 32 verses in Genesis 10, verse for verse; but Vulgate sentences run across MT verse boundaries — 10:8 into 10:9 (in terra, / et erat robustus venator...), 10:13 into 10:14 (Nephthuim, / et Phetrusim...), 10:15 into 10:16 and on into 10:17 and 10:18 (Hethaeum, / et Jebusaeum... / Gergesaeum, / Hevaeum... / Sinaeum, / et Aradium...), and 10:26 into 10:27 and on into 10:28 and 10:29 (Jare, / et Aduram... / Decla, / et Ebal... / Saba, / et Ophir...) — the Vulgate line under each verse below is the sentence (or sentence part) belonging to that MT verse. MT paragraph breaks: {ס} at 10:14 and 10:20, {פ} at 10:32. Field numbering: Field's Cap. X is Hebrew numbering throughout (no offset, unlike Cap. VI) — citations below give the Hebrew verse. Field's Genesis 10 material is on p. 28 (main entries); there are no Cap. X addenda.

Targum punctuation — transferred 2026-10-30 from Mechon Mamre Noach page, punctuation only, wording/vocalization untouched. MT divine tokens: first name at 10:9 (2 tokens); no second-name token in the chapter. TO uses the first name at 10:9 (2 tokens); no second-name token in the chapter, so there is no switch to record.

Gen 10:1

Vulg. Hae sunt generationes filiorum Noë, Sem, Cham et Japheth: natique sunt eis filii post diluvium.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) These are the generations of the sons of Noe: Sem, Cham, and Japheth: and unto them sons were born after the flood.

MT

וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת בְּנֵי־נֹ֔חַ שֵׁ֖ם חָ֣ם וָיָ֑פֶת וַיִּוָּלְד֥וּ לָהֶ֛ם בָּנִ֖ים אַחַ֥ר הַמַּבּֽוּל׃

LXX αὗται δὲ αἱ γενέσεις τῶν υἱῶν Νωε, Σημ, Χαμ, Ιαφεθ· καὶ ἐγενήθησαν αὐτοῖς υἱοὶ μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμόν.

Eng. (Brenton) Now these are the generations of the sons of Noe, Sem, Cham, Japheth; and sons were born to them after the flood.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְאִלֵּין תּוֹלְדָת בְּנֵי נֹחַ, שֵׁם חָם וָיָפֶת; וְאִתְיְלִידוּ לְהוֹן בְּנִין, בָּתַר טוֹפָנָא׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:1.
• The generations of the sons of Noah — MT 'these are the generations (תּוֹלְדֹת) of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and sons were born to them after the flood.' The order, Shem, Ham, Japheth, is the same as at 9:18. TO 'these are the generations' (וְאִלֵּין תּוֹלְדָת) keeps the plural construct, as at 2:4 and 6:9; LXX 'generations' (γενέσεις) and Vulgate 'generationes' are plural likewise.

Gen 10:2

Vulg. Filii Japheth: Gomer, et Magog, et Madai, et Javan, et Thubal, et Mosoch, et Thiras.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) The sons of Japheth: Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Thubal, and Mosoch, and Thiras.

MT

בְּנֵ֣י יֶ֔פֶת גֹּ֣מֶר וּמָג֔וֹג וּמָדַ֖י וְיָוָ֣ן וְתֻבָ֑ל וּמֶ֖שֶׁךְ וְתִירָֽס׃

LXX υἱοὶ Ιαφεθ· Γαμερ καὶ Μαγωγ καὶ Μαδαι καὶ Ιωυαν καὶ Ελισα καὶ Θοβελ καὶ Μοσοχ καὶ Θιρας

Eng. (Brenton) The sons of Japheth, Gamer, and Magog, and Madoi, and Jovan, and Elisa, and Thobel, and Mosoch, and Thiras.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

בְּנֵי יֶפֶת גּוֹמֶר וּמָגוֹג, וּמָדַי וְיָוָן וְתוּבָל; וּמֶשֶׁךְ, וְתִירָס׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:2.
• An eighth son in the Greek — MT, Vulgate, and TO name seven sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, Tiras. LXX adds an eighth, Elisa (Ελισα), between Javan and Tubal. Elisa is Javan's son at 10:4 in MT, so the Greek list repeats the name a generation up.
• Josephus, on the nations behind the names — Josephus, Antiquities 1.6, reads this list as a map of nations: the nations took their names from their first founders, and the Greeks later changed many of them to sound well in Greek. Gomer founded "those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls,] but were then called Gomerites"; Magog founded "those that from him were named Magogites, but who are by the Greeks called Scythians"; from Madai came the Madeans, "who are called Medes, by the Greeks"; from Javan, "Ionia, and all the Grecians, are derived"; Thobel (Tubal) founded the Thobelites, "who are now called Iberes"; Mosoch (Meshech) founded the Mosocheni, "now they are Cappadocians"; Thiras (Tiras) called those he ruled "Thirasians; but the Greeks changed the name into Thracians." His general rule, stated just before: some nations "do still retain the denominations which were given them by their first founders; but some have lost them also, and some have only admitted certain changes in them, that they might be the more intelligible to the inhabitants." He adds that he himself pronounces the names "after the manner of the Greeks, to please my readers; for our own country language does not so pronounce them."

Gen 10:3

Vulg. Porro filii Gomer: Ascenez et Riphath et Thogorma.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the sons of Gomer: Ascenez and Riphath and Thogorma.

MT

וּבְנֵ֖י גֹּ֑מֶר אַשְׁכְּנַ֥ז וְרִיפַ֖ת וְתֹגַרְמָֽה׃

LXX καὶ υἱοὶ Γαμερ· Ασχαναζ καὶ Ριφαθ καὶ Θοργαμα

Eng. (Brenton) And the sons of Gamer, Aschanaz, and Riphath, and Thorgama.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּבְנֵי, גּוֹמֶר אַשְׁכְּנַז וְרִיפַת, וְתוֹגַרְמָה׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:3.
• Gomer's three sons, Ashkenaz, Riphath, Togarmah, agree in all four versions (Vulgate Ascenez, Riphath, Thogorma).

Gen 10:4

Vulg. Filii autem Javan: Elisa et Tharsis, Cetthim et Dodanim.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the sons of Javan: Elisa and Tharsis, Cetthim and Dodanim.

MT

וּבְנֵ֥י יָוָ֖ן אֱלִישָׁ֣ה וְתַרְשִׁ֑ישׁ כִּתִּ֖ים וְדֹדָנִֽים׃

LXX καὶ υἱοὶ Ιωυαν· Ελισα καὶ Θαρσις, Κίτιοι Ρὅδιοι.

Eng. (Brenton) And the sons of Jovan, Elisa, and Tharseis, Cetians, Rhodians.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּבְנֵי יָוָן, אֱלִישָׁה וְתַרְשִׁישׁ, כִּתִּים, וְדוֹדָנִים׃

• Kittim and the Rhodians — MT 'Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim' (אֱלִישָׁה וְתַרְשִׁישׁ כִּתִּים וְדֹדָנִים). LXX keeps Elishah and Tarshish but gives 'Kittim, Rhodians' (Κίτιοι Ρὅδιοι) — Rhodians where MT has Dodanim; Vulgate 'Dodanim' and TO 'Dodanim' follow MT. Field p. 28: LXX Κήτιοι (s. Κίτιοι) for כִּתִּים; Symmachus Χέτταν, a form of his own.

Gen 10:5

Vulg. Ab his divisae sunt insulae gentium in regionibus suis, unusquisque secundum linguam suam et familias suas in nationibus suis.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) By these were divided the islands of the Gentiles in their lands, every one according to his tongue and their families in their nations.

MT

מֵ֠אֵ֠לֶּה נִפְרְד֞וּ אִיֵּ֤י הַגּוֹיִם֙ בְּאַרְצֹתָ֔ם אִ֖ישׁ לִלְשֹׁנ֑וֹ לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖ם בְּגוֹיֵהֶֽם׃

LXX ἐκ τούτων ἀφωρίσθησαν νῆσοι τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ αὐτῶν· ἕκαστος κατὰ γλῶσσαν ἐν ταῖς φυλαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν αὐτῶν.

Eng. (Brenton) From these were the islands of the Gentiles divided in their land, each according to his tongue, in their tribes and in their nations.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

מֵאִלֵּין אִתְפָּרַשׁוּ נְגָוָות עַמְמַיָּא, בְּאַרְעָתְהוֹן, גְּבַר, לְלִישָׁנֵיהּ לְזַרְעֲיָתְהוֹן, בְּעַמְמֵיהוֹן׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:5.
• The isles divided — MT 'from these the isles (אִיֵּי) of the nations were divided, in their lands, each man by his tongue, by their families, among their nations.' LXX 'isles of the nations' (νῆσοι τῶν ἐθνῶν), Vulgate 'isles of the nations' (insulae gentium), TO 'coastlands of the peoples' (נְגָוָות עַמְמַיָּא). The order differs from the summaries at 10:20 and 10:31: here 'in their lands' comes before 'each man by his tongue,' and the tongue is singular ('each man by his tongue') where 10:20 and 10:31 have 'by their tongues.' Modern translations carry TO's sense further: The Aramaic Bible's English Targum (Grossfeld) renders נְגָוָות עַמְמַיָּא as 'the maritime nations branched out' — the coastlands become the sea-peoples themselves. JPS's Hebrew text agrees: 'the maritime nations branched out.'

Gen 10:6

Vulg. Filii autem Cham: Chus, et Mesraim, et Phuth, et Chanaan.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the sons of Cham: Chus, and Mesram, and Phuth, and Chanaan.

MT

וּבְנֵ֖י חָ֑ם כּ֥וּשׁ וּמִצְרַ֖יִם וּפ֥וּט וּכְנָֽעַן׃

LXX υἱοὶ δὲ Χαμ· Χους καὶ Μεσραιμ Φουδ καὶ Χανααν.

Eng. (Brenton) And the sons of Cham, Chus, and Mesrain, Phud, and Chanaan.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּבְנֵי, חָם כּוּשׁ וּמִצְרַיִם, וּפוּט וּכְנָעַן׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:6.
• Ham's four sons, Cush, Egypt, Put, Canaan, agree in all four versions.

Gen 10:7

Vulg. Filii Chus: Saba, et Hevila, et Sabatha, et Regma, et Sabatacha. Filii Regma: Saba et Dadan.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the sons of Chus: Saba, and Hevila, and Sabatha, and Regma, and Sabatacha. The sons of Regma: Saba and Dadan.

MT

וּבְנֵ֣י כ֔וּשׁ סְבָא֙ וַֽחֲוִילָ֔ה וְסַבְתָּ֥ה וְרַעְמָ֖ה וְסַבְתְּכָ֑א וּבְנֵ֥י רַעְמָ֖ה שְׁבָ֥א וּדְדָֽן׃

LXX υἱοὶ δὲ Χους· Σαβα καὶ Ευιλα καὶ Σαβαθα καὶ Ρεγμα καὶ Σαβακαθα. υἱοὶ δὲ Ρεγμα Σαβα καὶ Δαδαν.

Eng. (Brenton) And the sons of Chus, Saba, and Evila, and Sabatha, and Rhegma, and Sabathaca. And the sons of Rhegma, Saba, and Dadan.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּבְנֵי כוּשׁ סְבָא וַחֲוִילָה, וְסַבְתָּא וְרַעְמָה וְסַבְתְּכָא; וּבְנֵי רַעְמָה, שְׁבָא וּדְדָן׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:7.
• Two names that look alike — MT distinguishes Seba (סְבָא), son of Cush, from Sheba (שְׁבָא), son of Raamah: samech against shin. TO keeps the two spellings apart; LXX and Vulgate spell both 'Saba.' The verse holds two lists, Cush's five sons and then Raamah's two, and the Vulgate keeps them as two sentences.

Gen 10:8

Vulg. Porro Chus genuit Nemrod: ipse cœpit esse potens in terra,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) Now Chus begot Nemrod: he began to be mighty on the earth.

MT

וְכ֖וּשׁ יָלַ֣ד אֶת־נִמְרֹ֑ד ה֣וּא הֵחֵ֔ל לִֽהְי֥וֹת גִּבֹּ֖ר בָּאָֽרֶץ׃

LXX Χους δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Νεβρωδ· οὗτος ἤρξατο εἶναι γίγας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

Eng. (Brenton) And Chus begot Nebrod: he began to be a giant upon the earth.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְכוּשׁ, אוֹלֵיד יָת נִמְרוֹד; הוּא שָׁרִי, לְמִהְוֵי גִּבָּר בְּאַרְעָא׃

• Mighty, giant, violent — MT 'Cush begot Nimrod; he began to be a mighty one (גִּבֹּר) on the earth.' LXX 'giant' (γίγας), Vulgate 'mighty' (potens), TO 'mighty' (גִּבָּר). Field p. 28: the Latin 'Potens.'; Aquila and Symmachus 'violent one' (βίαιος) — force where MT has might. The same gloss is cited at 10:9's 'mighty hunter' as well.
• The LXX's 'giant' opens the verse to the Greek world: the γίγας is the earth-born giant of myth, warring against heaven — and Philo takes the opening himself. On this verse he writes that Nimrod, 'like a giant born of the earth, prefers earthly to heavenly things, and thus appears to verify the ancient fable of the giants and Titans,' a wicked man being 'an enemy, contending against God'; and in On the Giants he reads the name itself as 'desertion' — the first to desert the better rank for the worse. The rabbis read the name the same way: Nimrod is 'he who caused man to revolt against God' (Genesis Rabbah 37; Pesahim 94b, in the name of Rabban Johanan b. Zaccai) — and Ginzberg's note remarks that Philo 'employs almost the same words.' Plato had already made the myth philosophical: in the Sophist (246a) the quarrel over reality itself is 'something like a battle of gods and giants,' the giants dragging everything down to earth and affirming that only what can be handled is real.
• Vulgate sentence split — 10:8 ends 'in terra,' (on earth,) and the sentence continues into 10:9 ('et erat robustus venator...').

Gen 10:9

Vulg. et erat robustus venator coram Domino. Ob hoc exivit proverbium: Quasi Nemrod robustus venator coram Domino.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And he was a stout hunter before the Lord. Hence came a proverb: Even as Nemrod the stout hunter before the Lord.

MT

הֽוּא־הָיָ֥ה גִבֹּֽר־צַ֖יִד לִפְנֵ֣י ייי֑ עַל־כֵּן֙ יֵֽאָמַ֔ר כְּנִמְרֹ֛ד גִּבּ֥וֹר צַ֖יִד לִפְנֵ֥י ייי׃

LXX οὗτος ἦν γίγας κυνηγὸς ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ· διὰ τοῦτο ἐροῦσιν ὡς Νεβρωδ γίγας κυνηγὸς ἐναντίον κυρίου.

Eng. (Brenton) He was a giant hunter before the Lord God; therefore they say, As Nebrod the giant hunter before the Lord.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

הוּא הֲוָה גִּבָּר תַּקִּיף, קֳדָם ייי; עַל כֵּן, יִתְאֲמַר, כְּנִמְרוֹד גִּבָּר תַּקִּיף, קֳדָם ייי׃

• A mighty hunter before the Lord — MT 'he was a mighty hunter before the first name' (גִּבֹּר־צַיִד לִפְנֵי ייי), twice in the verse, and 'therefore it is said: as Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the first name.' These are the chapter's only divine-name tokens, both the first name. LXX 'before the Lord God' (ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ) at the first occurrence and 'before the Lord' (ἐναντίον κυρίου) at the second; Vulgate 'before the Lord' (coram Domino) twice; TO 'before the first name' (קֳדָם ייי) twice. The saying is given as a proverb already in use: 'therefore it is said.'
• Josephus's Nimrod, the hunter of men — Josephus (Antiquities 1.4) makes Nimrod a persuader before he makes him a builder: "Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it was through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny, seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power. He also said he would be revenged on God, if he should have a mind to drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to be able to reach! and that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers!" The multitude followed, and built the tower "neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work," until God "caused a tumult among them, by producing in them divers languages, and causing that, through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, confusion. The Sibyl also makes mention of this tower, and of the confusion of the language, when she says thus: When all men were of one language, some of them built a high tower, as if they would thereby ascend up to heaven, but the gods sent storms of wind and overthrew the tower, and gave every one his peculiar language; and for this reason it was that the city was called Babylon. But as to the plan of Shinar, in the country of Babylonia, Hestiaeus mentions it, when he says thus: Such of the priests as were saved, took the sacred vessels of Jupiter Enyalius, and came to Shinar of Babylonia." The hunting of this verse is then of a piece with the persuading: Plato's Sophist defines the sophist as a hunter — the angler's kin, "a sort of hunters" (221d), and at the first summing-up, "a paid hunter after the young and wealthy" (231d). Philo, on this very verse, calls Nimrod's hunting detestable: "the practice of the huntsman is as much as possible at variance with rational nature, for he who lives among wild beasts wishes to live the life of a beast, and to be equal to the brutes in the vices of wickedness."
• The tyrant who hunts with words — Jose Faur (The Naked Crowd) draws the portrait together: Nimrod is the first tyrant in history, and he became one by persuasion — getting the people to attribute their prosperity "not to God but to their own valor," and so transforming the state "little by little" into a tyranny whose subjects depend continuously on his power; the Tower was revenge on God should He flood the earth again. The Rabbis, Faur notes, likewise held Nimrod's government the first "to incite the entire world to rebel against God" — and they explained "mighty hunter before the Lord" (10:9) as hunting people with his words: the hunter's craft is to trap the victim and give the fatal blow, and the tyrant's weapon is charismatic speech. Unlike a dictator, who imposes authority by force, the tyrant is chosen, adored, and followed willingly. Nimrod's rebellion, the Rabbis add, was deliberate: he "knew his Master, and set his mind to rebel against Him." The same pattern holds for Esau: a master hunter (Gen 25:27) whose hunting was in his mouth (Gen 25:28, צַיִד בְּפִיו) — Rashi, citing the midrash, says he trapped and deceived Isaac with his mouth, asking how to tithe salt and straw, so his father took him for strict in observance.
• ἐναντίον as opposition — LXX 'giant hunter before the Lord God' (γίγας κυνηγὸς ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ) and 'before the Lord' (ἐναντίον κυρίου). ἐναντίον is not only 'before, in the presence of' but 'over against, opposed to' — the hunter stands against the Lord, not merely before him. That is the same Nimrod as Josephus's 'affront and contempt of God' and Philo's 'enemy, contending against God.'
• Field p. 28 (note at 10:8): the βίαιος gloss is cited for 10:9's 'mighty hunter' too.

Gen 10:10

Vulg. Fuit autem principium regni ejus Babylon, et Arach et Achad, et Chalanne, in terra Sennaar.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, and Arach, and Achad, and Chalanne in the land of Sennaar.

MT

וַתְּהִ֨י רֵאשִׁ֤ית מַמְלַכְתּוֹ֙ בָּבֶ֔ל וְאֶ֖רֶךְ וְאַכַּ֣ד וְכַלְנֵ֑ה בְּאֶ֖רֶץ שִׁנְעָֽר׃

LXX καὶ ἐγένετο ἀρχὴ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ Βαβυλὼν καὶ Ορεχ καὶ Αρχαδ καὶ Χαλαννη ἐν τῇ γῇ Σεννααρ.

Eng. (Brenton) And the beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, and Orech, and Archad, and Chalanne, in the land of Senaar.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וַהֲוָת רֵישׁ מַלְכוּתֵיהּ בָּבֶל, וְאֶרֶךְ וְאַכַּד וְכַלְנֵה, בְּאַרְעָא, דְּבָבֶל׃

• Babel, and Shinar as Babylon — MT 'the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.' TO alone explicates the place: 'in the land of Babylon' (בְּאַרְעָא דְּבָבֶל) for 'in the land of Shinar'; LXX 'in the land of Sennaar' (Σεννααρ) and Vulgate 'in the land of Sennaar' keep Shinar. Field p. 28: LXX Βαβυλὼν for בָּבֶל, with 'the Hebrew' Βαβέλ noted beside it.

Gen 10:11

Vulg. De terra illa egressus est Assur, et aedificavit Niniven, et plateas civitatis, et Chale.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) Out of that land came forth Assur, and built Ninive, and the streets of the city, and Chale.

MT

מִן־הָאָ֥רֶץ הַהִ֖וא יָצָ֣א אַשּׁ֑וּר וַיִּ֙בֶן֙ אֶת־נִ֣ינְוֵ֔ה וְאֶת־רְחֹבֹ֥ת עִ֖יר וְאֶת־כָּֽלַח׃

LXX ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐκείνης ἐξῆλθεν Ασσουρ· καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Νινευη καὶ τὴν Ροωβωθ πόλιν καὶ τὴν Χαλαχ,

Eng. (Brenton) Out of that land came Assur, and built Ninevi, and the city Rhooboth, and Chalach,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

מִן אַרְעָא הַהִיא, נְפַק אַתּוּרָאָה; וּבְנָא, יָת נִינְוֵה, וְיָת רְחוֹבוֹת קַרְתָּא, וְיָת כָּלַח׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:11.
• Asshur, person or land — MT 'from that land went out Asshur (אַשּׁוּר), and he built Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, and Calah.' The name can be the man Asshur, son of Shem (10:22), or the land Assyria. LXX Ασσουρ and Vulgate Assur leave it as the name; TO settles it toward the man: 'the Assyrian went out' (נְפַק אַתּוּרָאָה).
• Streets for Rehoboth — MT's place-name Rehoboth-Ir (רְחֹבֹת עִיר, broad-places city); LXX 'Rehoboth city' (Ροωβωθ πόλιν) and TO 'Rehoboth city' (רְחוֹבוֹת קַרְתָּא) keep it a name; Vulgate alone reads it as common words: 'the streets of the city' (plateas civitatis).

Gen 10:12

Vulg. Resen quoque inter Niniven et Chale: haec est civitas magna.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) Resen also between Ninive and Chale: this is the great city.

MT

וְֽאֶת־רֶ֔סֶן בֵּ֥ין נִֽינְוֵ֖ה וּבֵ֣ין כָּ֑לַח הִ֖וא הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדֹלָֽה׃

LXX καὶ τὴν Δασεμ, ἀνὰ μέσον Νινευη καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Χαλαχ· αὕτη ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη.

Eng. (Brenton) and Dase between Ninevi and Chalach: this is the great city.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת רֶסֶן, בֵּין נִינְוֵה וּבֵין כָּלַח הִיא, קַרְתָּא רַבְּתָא׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:12.
• Resen the great city — MT 'and Resen between Nineveh and Calah: this is the great city' (הִוא הָעִיר הַגְּדֹלָה). LXX gives the name as Δασεμ (Dasem) where MT, Vulgate (Resen), and TO (רֶסֶן) agree.

Gen 10:13

Vulg. At vero Mesraim genuit Ludim, et Anamim et Laabim, Nephthuim,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And Mesraim begot Ludim, and Anamim, and Laabim, Nepthuim,

MT

וּמִצְרַ֡יִם יָלַ֞ד אֶת־לוּדִ֧ים וְאֶת־עֲנָמִ֛ים וְאֶת־לְהָבִ֖ים וְאֶת־נַפְתֻּחִֽים׃

LXX καὶ Μεσραιμ ἐγέννησεν τοὺς Λουδιιμ καὶ τοὺς Ενεμετιιμ καὶ τοὺς Λαβιιμ καὶ τοὺς Νεφθαλιιμ

Eng. (Brenton) And Mesrain begot the Ludiim, and the Nephthalim, and the Enemetiim, and the Labiim,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּמִצְרַיִם אוֹלֵיד יָת לוּדָאֵי וְיָת עַנְמָאֵי, וְיָת לַהְבָּאֵי וְיָת נַפְתּוּחָאֵי׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:13.
• Egypt's sons — MT Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim. LXX's last name takes a Naphtali-like form, Νεφθαλιιμ; Vulgate Nephthuim and TO נַפְתּוּחָאֵי follow MT.
• Vulgate sentence split — 10:13 ends 'Nephthuim,' and the sentence continues into 10:14 ('et Phetrusim...').

Gen 10:14

Vulg. et Phetrusim, et Chasluim: de quibus egressi sunt Philisthiim et Caphtorim.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And Phetrusim, and Chasluim; of whom came forth the Philistines, and the Capthorim.

MT

וְֽאֶת־פַּתְרֻסִ֞ים וְאֶת־כַּסְלֻחִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצְא֥וּ מִשָּׁ֛ם פְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים וְאֶת־כַּפְתֹּרִֽים׃ {ס}

LXX καὶ τοὺς Πατροσωνιιμ καὶ τοὺς Χασλωνιιμ ὅθεν ἐξῆλθεν ἐκεῖθεν Φυλιστιιμ καὶ τοὺς Καφθοριιμ.

Eng. (Brenton) and the Patrosoniim, and the Chasmoniim (whence came forth Phylistiim) and the Gaphthoriim.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת פַּתְרוּסָאֵי וְיָת כַּסְלוּחָאֵי, דִּנְפַקוּ מִתַּמָּן פְּלִשְׁתָּאֵי וְיָת קְפוּטְקָאֵי׃

• From whom the Philistines came — MT 'and Pathrusim and Casluhim, from whom (מִשָּׁם, from there) the Philistines came forth, and Caphtorim.' Vulgate 'from whom' (de quibus) reads the peoples where MT says 'from there'; TO 'who came forth from there' (דִּנְפַקוּ מִתַּמָּן) keeps the place. Field p. 28: LXX 'from whence came forth' (ὅθεν ἐξῆλθε), other copies adding 'from there' (ἐκεῖθεν) — the reader's LXX has both, 'from whence came forth from there' (ὅθεν ἐξῆλθεν ἐκεῖθεν).
• MT paragraph break {ס} at the end of this verse.

Gen 10:15

Vulg. Chanaan autem genuit Sidonem primogenitum suum. Hethaeum,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And Chanaan begot Sidon, his firstborn, the Hethite,

MT

וּכְנַ֗עַן יָלַ֛ד אֶת־צִידֹ֥ן בְּכֹר֖וֹ וְאֶת־חֵֽת׃

LXX Χανααν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σιδῶνα πρωτότοκον, καὶ τὸν Χετταῖον

Eng. (Brenton) And Chanaan begot Sidon his first-born, and the Chettite,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּכְנַעַן, אוֹלֵיד יָת צִידוֹן בּוּכְרֵיהּ וְיָת חֵת׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:15.
• Canaan's firstborn — MT 'Canaan begot Sidon his firstborn, and Heth.' All four versions agree; the Vulgate sentence runs on through 10:16, 10:17, and 10:18.

Gen 10:16

Vulg. et Jebusaeum, et Amorrhaeum, Gergesaeum,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the Jebusite, and the Amorrhite, and the Gergesite,

MT

וְאֶת־הַיְבוּסִי֙ וְאֶת־הָ֣אֱמֹרִ֔י וְאֵ֖ת הַגִּרְגָּשִֽׁי׃

LXX καὶ τὸν Ιεβουσαῖον καὶ τὸν Αμορραῖον καὶ τὸν Γεργεσαῖον

Eng. (Brenton) and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת יְבוּסָאֵי, וְיָת אֱמוֹרָאֵי, וְיָת, גַּרְגִּישָׁאֵי׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:16.
• Jebusite, Amorite, Girgashite — three of Canaan's peoples; the Vulgate sentence continues from 10:15.

Gen 10:17

Vulg. Hevaeum, et Aracaeum: Sinaeum,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) The Hevite and the Aracite: the Sinite,

MT

וְאֶת־הַֽחִוִּ֥י וְאֶת־הַֽעַרְקִ֖י וְאֶת־הַסִּינִֽי׃

LXX καὶ τὸν Ευαῖον καὶ τὸν Αρουκαῖον καὶ τὸν Ασενναῖον

Eng. (Brenton) and the Evite, and the Arukite, and the Asennite,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת חִוָּאֵי וְיָת עַרְקָאֵי, וְיָת אַנְתּוּסָאֵי׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:17.
• The Sinite's three names — MT 'the Sinite' (הַסִּינִי); Vulgate 'Sinaeum' follows it; LXX 'Asennaios' (Ασενναῖον) and TO 'Anthusaeans' (אַנְתּוּסָאֵי) give the people names of their own.

Gen 10:18

Vulg. et Aradium, Samaraeum, et Amathaeum: et post haec disseminati sunt populi Chananaeorum.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the Aradian, the Samarite, and the Hamathite: and afterwards the families of the Chanaanites were spread abroad.

MT

וְאֶת־הָֽאַרְוָדִ֥י וְאֶת־הַצְּמָרִ֖י וְאֶת־הַֽחֲמָתִ֑י וְאַחַ֣ר נָפֹ֔צוּ מִשְׁפְּח֖וֹת הַֽכְּנַעֲנִֽי׃

LXX καὶ τὸν Ἀράδιον καὶ τὸν Σαμαραῖον καὶ τὸν Αμαθι. καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο διεσπάρησαν αἱ φυλαὶ τῶν Χαναναίων.

Eng. (Brenton) and the Aradian, and the Samarean, and the Amathite; and after this the tribes of the Chananites were dispersed.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת אַרְוְדָאֵי וְיָת צַמְרָאֵי, וְיָת חִמְתָּאֵי; וּבָתַר כֵּן אִתְבַּדַּרוּ, זַרְעֲיָית כְּנַעֲנָאֵי׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:18.
• Afterward they spread — MT 'and afterward the families of the Canaanites spread abroad' (נָפֹצוּ); LXX 'were scattered' (διεσπάρησαν), Vulgate 'were disseminated' (disseminati sunt), TO 'were scattered' (אִתְבַּדַּרוּ). The Vulgate sentence that began at 10:15 closes here.

Gen 10:19

Vulg. Factique sunt termini Chanaan venientibus a Sidone Geraram usque Gazam, donec ingrediaris Sodomam et Gomorrham, et Adamam, et Seboim usque Lesa.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And the limits of Chanaan were from Sidon as one comes to Gerara even to Gaza, until thou enter Sodom and Gomorrha, and Adama, and Seboim even to Lesa.

MT

וַיְהִ֞י גְּב֤וּל הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ מִצִּידֹ֔ן בֹּאֲכָ֥ה גְרָ֖רָה עַד־עַזָּ֑ה בֹּאֲכָ֞ה סְדֹ֧מָה וַעֲמֹרָ֛ה וְאַדְמָ֥ה וּצְבֹיִ֖ם עַד־לָֽשַׁע׃

LXX καὶ ἐγένοντο τὰ ὅρια τῶν Χαναναίων ἀπὸ Σιδῶνος ἕως ἐλθεῖν εἰς Γεραρα καὶ Γάζαν, ἕως ἐλθεῖν Σοδομων καὶ Γομορρας, Αδαμα καὶ Σεβωιμ ἕως Λασα

Eng. (Brenton) And the boundaries of the Chananites were from Sidon till one comes to Gerara and Gaza, till one comes to Sodom and Gomorrha, Adama and Seboim, as far as Dasa.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וַהֲוָה תְּחוּם כְּנַעֲנָאָה, מִצִּידוֹן מָטֵי לִגְרָר, עַד עַזָּה: מָטֵי לִסְדוֹם וַעֲמוֹרָה, וְאַדְמָה וּצְבוֹיִם עַד לָשַׁע׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:19.
• As you come — MT traces the Canaanite border 'from Sidon, as you come (בֹּאֲכָה) to Gerar, to Gaza; as you come to Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, to Lasha.' The second-person 'as you come' is the border-tracer's idiom; LXX 'until coming' (ἕως ἐλθεῖν), Vulgate 'coming... until you enter' (venientibus... donec ingrediaris), and TO 'reaching' (מָטֵי) flatten it to the journey's course.

Gen 10:20

Vulg. Hi sunt filii Cham in cognationibus, et linguis, et generationibus, terrisque et gentibus suis.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) These are the children of Cham in their kindreds, and tongues, and generations, and lands, and nations.

MT

אֵ֣לֶּה בְנֵי־חָ֔ם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖ם לִלְשֹֽׁנֹתָ֑ם בְּאַרְצֹתָ֖ם בְּגוֹיֵהֶֽם׃ {ס}

LXX οὗτοι υἱοὶ Χαμ ἐν ταῖς φυλαῖς αὐτῶν, κατὰ γλώσσας αὐτῶν, ἐν ταῖς χώραις αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν αὐτῶν.

Eng. (Brenton) There were the sons of Cham in their tribes according to their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

אִלֵּין בְּנֵי חָם, לְזַרְעֲיָתְהוֹן לְלִישָׁנְהוֹן, בְּאַרְעָתְהוֹן, בְּעַמְמֵיהוֹן׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:20.
• Ham's summary — MT 'these are the sons of Ham, by their families, by their tongues, in their lands, among their nations.' The refrain in the summaries' order, families, tongues, lands, nations; 10:5 orders it lands, tongue, families, nations.
• MT paragraph break {ס} at the end of this verse.

Gen 10:21

Vulg. De Sem quoque nati sunt, patre omnium filiorum Heber, fratre Japheth majore.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) Of Sem also, the father of all the children of Heber, the elder brother of Japheth, sons were born.

MT

וּלְשֵׁ֥ם יֻלַּ֖ד גַּם־ה֑וּא אֲבִי֙ כׇּל־בְּנֵי־עֵ֔בֶר אֲחִ֖י יֶ֥פֶת הַגָּדֽוֹל׃

LXX καὶ τῷ Σημ ἐγενήθη καὶ αὐτῷ, πατρὶ πάντων τῶν υἱῶν Εβερ, ἀδελφῷ Ιαφεθ τοῦ μείζονος.

Eng. (Brenton) And to Sem himself also were children born, the father of all the sons of Heber, the brother of Japheth the elder.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּלְשֵׁם אִיתְיְלִיד, אַף הוּא: אֲבוּהוֹן, דְּכָל בְּנֵי עֵבֶר אֲחוּהִי, דְּיֶפֶת רַבָּא׃

• The elder brother — MT 'to Shem also was born, he too, the father of all the sons of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder' (אֲחִי יֶפֶת הַגָּדוֹל). All four versions attach 'the elder' to Japheth: LXX 'brother of Japheth the greater' (ἀδελφῷ Ἰαφὲθ τοῦ μείζονος), Vulgate 'brother of Japheth the elder' (fratre Japheth majore), TO 'brother of Japheth the great' (אֲחוּהִי דְּיֶפֶת רַבָּא). Field p. 28: the Latin 'to the brother of Japheth, elder by birth' (Fratri Japhet natu majori); Aquila 'the great' (τῷ μεγάλῳ), Symmachus 'the elder' (τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου). Whether 'the elder' could instead mark Shem as Japheth's elder brother is left open below.
• To Shem also, he too — MT's גַּם־הוּא ('he too') answers 10:1's 'sons were born to them': Shem too had sons.

Gen 10:22

Vulg. Filii Sem: Aelam, et Assur, et Arphaxad, et Lud, et Aram.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) The sons of Sem: Elam and Assur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram.

MT

בְּנֵ֥י שֵׁ֖ם עֵילָ֣ם וְאַשּׁ֑וּר וְאַרְפַּכְשַׁ֖ד וְל֥וּד וַֽאֲרָֽם׃

LXX υἱοὶ Σημ· Αιλαμ καὶ Ασσουρ καὶ Αρφαξαδ καὶ Λουδ καὶ Αραμ. καὶ Καιναν

Eng. (Brenton) Sons of Sem, Elam, and Assur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram, and Cainan.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

בְּנֵי שֵׁם, עֵילָם וְאַשּׁוּר, וְאַרְפַּכְשַׁד, וְלוּד וַאֲרָם׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:22.
• Cainan added in the Greek — MT, Vulgate, and TO name five sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, Aram. LXX adds a sixth at the end, 'and Cainan' (καὶ Καιναν), the extra generation that returns at 10:24.

Gen 10:23

Vulg. Filii Aram: Us, et Hul, et Gether, et Mes.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) The sons of Aram: Us and Hull, and Gether, and Mess.

MT

וּבְנֵ֖י אֲרָ֑ם ע֥וּץ וְח֖וּל וְגֶ֥תֶר וָמַֽשׁ׃

LXX καὶ υἱοὶ Αραμ· Ως καὶ Ουλ καὶ Γαθερ καὶ Μοσοχ.

Eng. (Brenton) And sons of Aram, Uz, and Ul, and Gater, and Mosoch.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּבְנֵי, אֲרָם עוּץ וְחוּל, וְגֶתֶר וָמַשׁ׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:23.
• Mash as Meshech — MT 'the sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash' (מָשׁ). LXX reads the last name as Meshech (Μοσοχ), the name of Japheth's son at 10:2; Vulgate 'Mes' and TO 'Mash' (מַשׁ) follow MT.

Gen 10:24

Vulg. At vero Arphaxad genuit Sale, de quo ortus est Heber.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) But Arphaxad begot Sale, of whom was born Heber.

MT

וְאַרְפַּכְשַׁ֖ד יָלַ֣ד אֶת־שָׁ֑לַח וְשֶׁ֖לַח יָלַ֥ד אֶת־עֵֽבֶר׃

LXX καὶ Αρφαξαδ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Καιναν καὶ Καιναν ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλα, Σαλα δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Εβερ.

Eng. (Brenton) And Arphaxad begot Cainan, and Cainan begot Sala. And Sala begot Heber.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְאַרְפַּכְשַׁד, אוֹלֵיד יָת שָׁלַח; וְשֶׁלַח, אוֹלֵיד יָת עֵבֶר׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:24.
• Cainan between Arpachshad and Shelah — MT 'Arpachshad begot Shelah, and Shelah begot Eber.' LXX inserts a generation: 'Arpachshad begot Cainan, and Cainan begot Shelah' (Αρφαξαδ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Καιναν καὶ Καιναν ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλα). Vulgate and TO follow MT's direct line. The Greek's Cainan is the one in Luke's genealogy (Lk 3:36).

Gen 10:25

Vulg. Natique sunt Heber filii duo: nomen uni Phaleg, eo quod in diebus ejus divisa sit terra: et nomen fratris ejus Jectan.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And to Heber were born two sons: the name of the one was Phaleg, because in his days the earth was divided: and his brother’s name Jectan.

MT

וּלְעֵ֥בֶר יֻלַּ֖ד שְׁנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים שֵׁ֣ם הָֽאֶחָ֞ד פֶּ֗לֶג כִּ֤י בְיָמָיו֙ נִפְלְגָ֣ה הָאָ֔רֶץ וְשֵׁ֥ם אָחִ֖יו יׇקְטָֽן׃

LXX καὶ τῷ Εβερ ἐγενήθησαν δύο υἱοί· ὄνομα τῷ ἑνὶ Φαλεκ, ὅτι ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ διεμερίσθη ἡ γῆ, καὶ ὄνομα τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ Ιεκταν.

Eng. (Brenton) And to Heber were born two sons, the name of the one, Phaleg, because in his days the earth was divided, and the name of his brother Jektan.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וּלְעֵבֶר אִתְיְלִידוּ, תְּרֵין בְּנִין: שׁוֹם חַד פֶּלֶג, אֲרֵי בְּיוֹמוֹהִי אִתְפְּלֵיגַת אַרְעָא, וְשׁוֹם אֲחוּהִי, יָקְטָן׃

• Peleg, for the earth was divided — MT 'to Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided (נִפְלְגָה), and his brother's name was Joktan.' The name carries its reason: פֶּלֶג against נִפְלְגָה, division. LXX 'Phalek... the earth was divided' (Φαλεκ... διεμερίσθη), Vulgate 'Phaleg... divided' (divisa), TO 'Peleg... was divided' (אִתְפְּלֵיגַת) all keep the wordplay's sense. Field p. 28: LXX Φαλέγ, other copies Φαλέκ — a spelling variant only.

Gen 10:26

Vulg. Qui Jectan genuit Elmodad, et Saleph, et Asarmoth, Jare,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) Which Jectan begot Elmodad, and Saleph, and Asarmoth, Jare,

MT

וְיׇקְטָ֣ן יָלַ֔ד אֶת־אַלְמוֹדָ֖ד וְאֶת־שָׁ֑לֶף וְאֶת־חֲצַרְמָ֖וֶת וְאֶת־יָֽרַח׃

LXX Ιεκταν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ελμωδαδ καὶ τὸν Σαλεφ καὶ Ασαρμωθ καὶ Ιαραχ

Eng. (Brenton) And Jektan begot Elmodad, and Saleth, and Sarmoth, and Jarach,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָקְטָן אוֹלֵיד, יָת אַלְמוֹדָד וְיָת שָׁלֶף, וְיָת חֲצַרְמָוֶת, וְיָת יָרַח׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:26.
• Joktan's sons begin — MT Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah; the Vulgate sentence runs on through 10:27, 10:28, and 10:29.

Gen 10:27

Vulg. et Aduram, et Uzal, et Decla,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And Aduram, and Uzal, and Decla,

MT

וְאֶת־הֲדוֹרָ֥ם וְאֶת־אוּזָ֖ל וְאֶת־דִּקְלָֽה׃

LXX καὶ Οδορρα καὶ Αιζηλ καὶ Δεκλα

Eng. (Brenton) and Odorrha, and Aibel, and Decla,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת הֲדוֹרָם וְיָת אוּזָל, וְיָת דִּקְלָה׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:27.
• Hadoram's Greek form — MT Hadoram (הֲדוֹרָם); LXX Odorra (Οδορρα); Vulgate Aduram; TO Hadoram (הֲדוֹרָם). The Vulgate sentence continues from 10:26.

Gen 10:28

Vulg. et Ebal, et Abimaël, Saba,

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And Ebal, and Abimael, Saba,

MT

וְאֶת־עוֹבָ֥ל וְאֶת־אֲבִֽימָאֵ֖ל וְאֶת־שְׁבָֽא׃

LXX καὶ Αβιμεηλ καὶ Σαβευ

Eng. (Brenton) Eval, and Abimael, and Saba,

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת עוֹבָל וְיָת אֲבִימָאֵל, וְיָת שְׁבָא׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:28.
• Obal missing in the Greek — MT, Vulgate, and TO name three: Obal, Abimael, Sheba. LXX names two only, Abimael and Sheba (Αβιμεηλ καὶ Σαβευ), dropping Obal. The Vulgate sentence continues from 10:26.

Gen 10:29

Vulg. et Ophir, et Hevila, et Jobab: omnes isti, filii Jectan.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And Ophir, and Hevila, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Jectan.

MT

וְאֶת־אוֹפִ֥ר וְאֶת־חֲוִילָ֖ה וְאֶת־יוֹבָ֑ב כׇּל־אֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵ֥י יׇקְטָֽן׃

LXX καὶ Ουφιρ καὶ Ευιλα καὶ Ιωβαβ πάντες οὗτοι υἱοὶ Ιεκταν.

Eng. (Brenton) and Uphir, and Evila, and Jobab, all these were the sons of Jektan.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וְיָת אוֹפִיר וְיָת חֲוִילָה, וְיָת יוֹבָב; כָּל אִלֵּין, בְּנֵי יָקְטָן׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:29.
• All these are Joktan's sons — MT 'Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab: all these are the sons of Joktan.' The Vulgate sentence that began at 10:26 closes here.

Gen 10:30

Vulg. Et facta est habitatio eorum de Messa pergentibus usque Sephar montem orientalem.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) And their dwelling was from Messa as we go on as far as Sephar, a mountain in the east.

MT

וַיְהִ֥י מוֹשָׁבָ֖ם מִמֵּשָׁ֑א בֹּאֲכָ֥ה סְפָ֖רָה הַ֥ר הַקֶּֽדֶם׃

LXX καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ κατοίκησις αὐτῶν ἀπὸ Μασση ἕως ἐλθεῖν εἰς Σωφηρα, ὄρος ἀνατολῶν.

Eng. (Brenton) And their dwelling was from Masse, till one comes to Saphera, a mountain of the east.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

וַהֲוָה מוֹתַבְהוֹן, מִמֵּישָׁא, מָטֵי לִסְפָר, טוּר מַדְנְחָא׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:30.
• From Mesha to Sephar — MT 'their dwelling was from Mesha, as you come (בֹּאֲכָה) to Sephar, the eastern hill (הַר הַקֶּדֶם).' LXX 'from Masse to Sophar, a mountain of the east' (ὄρος ἀνατολῶν), Vulgate 'from Messa... to Sephar, the eastern mountain' (montem orientalem), TO 'from Mesha, reaching Sephar, the eastern mountain' (טוּר מַדְנְחָא). The 'as you come' idiom of 10:19 returns.

Gen 10:31

Vulg. Isti filii Sem secundum cognationes, et linguas, et regiones in gentibus suis.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) These are the children of Sem according to their kindreds and tongues, and countries in their nations.

MT

אֵ֣לֶּה בְנֵי־שֵׁ֔ם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖ם לִלְשֹׁנֹתָ֑ם בְּאַרְצֹתָ֖ם לְגוֹיֵהֶֽם׃

LXX οὗτοι υἱοὶ Σημ ἐν ταῖς φυλαῖς αὐτῶν, κατὰ γλώσσας αὐτῶν, ἐν ταῖς χώραις αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν αὐτῶν.

Eng. (Brenton) These were the sons of Sem in their tribes, according to their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

אִלֵּין בְּנֵי שֵׁם, לְזַרְעֲיָתְהוֹן לְלִישָׁנְהוֹן, בְּאַרְעָתְהוֹן, לְעַמְמֵיהוֹן׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:31.
• Shem's summary — MT 'these are the sons of Shem, by their families, by their tongues, in their lands, among their nations.' The full refrain, as at 10:20, with 'unto their nations' (לְגוֹיֵהֶם) where 10:20 has 'among their nations' (בְּגוֹיֵהֶם).

Gen 10:32

Vulg. Hae familiae Noë juxta populos et nationes suas. Ab his divisae sunt gentes in terra post diluvium.

Eng. (Douay-Rheims) These are the families of Noe, according to their peoples and nations. By these were the nations divided on the earth after the flood.

MT

אֵ֣לֶּה מִשְׁפְּחֹ֧ת בְּנֵי־נֹ֛חַ לְתוֹלְדֹתָ֖ם בְּגוֹיֵהֶ֑ם וּמֵאֵ֜לֶּה נִפְרְד֧וּ הַגּוֹיִ֛ם בָּאָ֖רֶץ אַחַ֥ר הַמַּבּֽוּל׃ {פ}

LXX αὗται αἱ φυλαὶ υἱῶν Νωε κατὰ γενέσεις αὐτῶν, κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη αὐτῶν· ἀπὸ τούτων διεσπάρησαν νῆσοι τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμόν.

Eng. (Brenton) These are the tribes of the sons of Noe, according to their generations, according to their nations: of them were the islands of the Gentiles scattered over the earth after the flood.

Targ. (Yemenite Onkelos)

אִלֵּין זַרְעֲיָית בְּנֵי נֹחַ לְתוֹלְדָתְהוֹן, בְּעַמְמֵיהוֹן; וּמֵאִלֵּין אִתְפָּרַשׁוּ עַמְמַיָּא, בְּאַרְעָא בָּתַר טוֹפָנָא׃

• Field cites no distinct reading for 10:32.
• The nations divided — MT 'these are the families of the sons of Noah, by their generations, among their nations; and from these the nations were divided on the earth after the flood.' LXX closes with 'the isles of the nations were scattered' (νῆσοι τῶν ἐθνῶν) — the 'isles' of 10:5 returning where MT has 'nations' (הַגּוֹיִם); Vulgate 'nations' (gentes) and TO 'peoples' (עַמְמַיָּא) follow MT.
• MT paragraph break {פ} at the end of this verse — the table of nations closes; the Babel story follows.

Cross-verse patterns

• Divine names — MT: first name twice, both at 10:9; no second-name token in the chapter. TO: first name twice at 10:9 (קֳדָם ייי); no second-name token, so no switch to record. LXX does not track the distinction: the first name gives 'Lord God' (κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ) at the first occurrence of 10:9 and 'Lord' (κυρίου) at the second. Vulgate: 'Lord' (Domino) twice.
• Refrain — families, tongues, lands, nations: 10:5 orders it lands first with the tongue singular ('in their lands, each man by his tongue, by their families, among their nations'); 10:20 and 10:31 order it families, tongues, lands, nations; 10:31 has 'unto their nations' (לְגוֹיֵהֶם) where 10:20 has 'among their nations' (בְּגוֹיֵהֶם); 10:32 closes with families, generations, nations.
• Vulgate sentence boundaries — sentences run across MT boundaries at 10:8→10:9, 10:13→10:14, 10:15→10:16→10:17→10:18 (one sentence in four parts), and 10:26→10:27→10:28→10:29 (one sentence in four parts); if the published page splits Vulgate verses differently, the lines here need re-splitting, not re-translating.
• The Greek's additions and omissions — LXX adds Elisa at 10:2 and Cainan at 10:22 and 10:24; LXX omits Obal at 10:28. LXX name forms apart from MT: Rhodians for Dodanim (10:4), Dasem for Resen (10:12), Asennaios for the Sinite (10:17), Meshech for Mash (10:23), Odorra for Hadoram (10:27); and 'isles of the nations' for 'nations' at 10:32.
• Targum glosses — TO explicates Shinar as Babylon (10:10), reads Asshur as the man going out (10:11), and gives the Sinite a name of its own, Anthusaeans (10:17).
• 'As you come' — MT's second-person border idiom בֹּאֲכָה at 10:19 (twice) and 10:30; the versions flatten it to 'until coming' (LXX), 'coming... until you enter' (Vulgate), 'reaching' (TO).
• Name wordplays — Peleg, for the earth was divided (10:25); the Nimrod proverb, 'as Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the Lord' (10:9).
• Generations opening — TO 'these are the generations' (אִלֵּין תּוֹלְדָת) at 10:1 keeps the plural construct, as at 2:4 and 6:9.
• Reader's LXX vs Field's main text — the reader follows readings Field lists as 'other copies' at 10:14 (adds ἐκεῖθεν to ὅθεν ἐξῆλθε) and 10:25 (Φαλεκ for main Φαλέγ); Field's main LXX text lacks the added 'from there' at 10:14 and has Φαλέγ at 10:25. The reader's text is not Field's main text throughout.

Open questions, not claims

• 10:21 elder — Japheth or Shem? All versions attach 'the elder' to Japheth, and Field's Latin spells out 'elder by birth'; the alternative reading, Shem as Japheth's elder brother, is the classic crux. Recorded as ambiguity, not settled.
• 10:11 Asshur — the man or the land? MT leaves it open; TO reads the man going out; LXX and Vulgate keep the name. Recorded, not settled.
• 10:12 great city — Resen is called 'the great city' here, while Nineveh bears that title elsewhere; why Resen here is not stated. Recorded, not settled.
• 10:22/10:24 Cainan — the Greek's extra generation, absent from MT, Vulgate, and TO, and present in Luke's genealogy. Recorded as divergence, not settled.
• 10:28 Obal — present in MT, Vulgate, and TO, absent from LXX. Recorded.
• Field cites no distinct reading (main entries) for 10:1, 10:2, 10:3, 10:5, 10:6, 10:7, 10:11, 10:12, 10:13, 10:15, 10:16, 10:17, 10:18, 10:19, 10:20, 10:22, 10:23, 10:24, 10:26, 10:27, 10:28, 10:29, 10:30, 10:31, 10:32 — recorded here as absence, not as a claim that no variant exists anywhere. Main entries on p. 28 cover 10:4, 10:8, 10:10, 10:14, 10:21, 10:25; the βίαιος gloss for 10:9 is carried in Field's note at 10:8; there are no Cap. X addenda.
• Targum punctuation — transferred (see header): Mechon Mamre Noach page, punctuation only, Yemenite wording/vocalization kept.

Chapters

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